1. Answer any two of the following.
a) Indo-Russia Defence Co-operation?
Ans : Jointly developed Indo-Russian anti-ship cruise missile, which was successfully test fired from Chandipur interim test range in Orissa recently is a cruisal step forward in India's defence effort.This technological acheivement places India among a small group of countries to acquire the capacity of producing cruise missiles. its other distinguishing feature is that Indi-Russian cruise missile is a state-of-art product.
Defence analyst underline that the eventual additions of this strategic missile is a logical follow-up of the goal set as per country's nuclear philosopher. it is essential for the fulfilment of India's minimum nuclear deterrent profile as outlined in the draft nuclear Doctrine prepared by Vajpayee governement.
In oder to avoid controversy, both India & Russia have taken care to ensure that the production of the cruise missile did not violate obligations under US-sponsered missile technology control regime to proliferation.
It is a triumph of India's defence diplomacy that its reinforced strategic partnership with Russia envisaging the acquisition of sophisticated weapon system & their joint production has caused little offence to US.
1.c) Elaborate on India's Nuclear Doctrine
ans: - India shall pursue a doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deterrence, in this policy "retaliation only". the actual size components , deployment & employment of nuclear forces will be decided in the light of these factors. India's nuclear forces will be effective, enduring, diverse, flexible & responsive to the requirements in accordence with the concept of credit minimum deterrence.
- The doctrine envisages assured capability to shift from peacetime deployment to fully employable forces in the shortest possible time, & teh ability to retaiate effectively even in case of significant degradation by hostile strikes. Survivability of the forces will be enhanced by a combination of multiple redundant system, mobility, dispersion & deception.
- deterrence requires that India maintain:
a) sufficient , survivable & operationally prepared nuclear forces.
b) a robust command & control system
c) effective intelligence & early warning capabilities
d) comprehensive planning & training for operations in line with the stratergy
e) the "will" to employ nuclear forces & weapons.
2. Write about the following:
a) SAFTA : The members of SAARC have duly acknowledge the fact, they assembled together in Jan 2004 at Islamabad & mooted the idea of SAARC free trade Area (SAFTA). it was agreed that they will liberalize the trade among themselves through relaxing the tariff barriers to less than 5% within a stipulated time frame of 2016.
The formulation of SAFTA, however, was not a smooth affair & it took a lot of negotiations before reaching a consensual agreement.
- Non-aliamnent is a concept, an ideology & a movemnet which came into existence as result of bipolar divergence of the world into two super power i.e. AMerica & Russia. Non-Alignment as a movement was foudned formallly in 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia with a solid purpose of making the world free from fear.
- The conference fo NAM countries takes place after three year & the last one was held in 2006 in Havana (Cuba).
- because of reversal of situtation in post cold war , relevance of NAM has been realized in present day context. there is now no counter collision between the two super-power i..USA & Russia & world has become unipolar. the process of globalization has begun most of the developmed & developing countries have adopted an open market policy.
- the dynamics of globalization has thrown a whole range of new problems of NAM developming countries. NAM provides platform to these countries for consulting & developing common positions & coordinated approaches to safeguard their sovereignty & to promot their interests against the threat of financial imperialism.
- NAM countries face many problems such as problems of poverty, hunger, disease, ignorence, illiteracy, rising foreign debts, deteriorating forms of trade, inflation & employment & the most important task that lies ahead to the NAM countries is to find ways means for development with human face.
3. write about the following:
a) Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana, 2006 :
- provides for an insurence cover of a minimum sum of Rs.5 lakhs payable to the nominee or legal heir in the event of death.
- in case of death , besides the cost of transportation of dead body the cost incurred on the one-way airfare af attendant shall be reimbursed by the insurence company.
- if worker is not received by the employer on his arrival to the destination abroad or there is substantive change in employment contract to his disadvantage or if the employment is pre-maturely terminated within the period of employment for no fault of teh emigrant, the insurence company shall reimburse one-way economy class airfare provided the grounds of repatriation are certified by the concerned indian mision / post.
- insurence policy shall be valid for minimum period of 2 years or actual period whichever is longer.
- insurence policy shall also provide medical cover of minimum of Rs.50,000 as cash less hospitalization & or reimbursement of actual medical expenses of the insured emigrant worker on grounds of accidental injuries.
- an insured person shall be covered for minimum sum of Rs.25,000 in connection with the legal expenses incurred by him in any litigation relating his or her employment.
b)India all-women contingent to Liberia :
- The commander of an All-women India UN police unit has arrived in Liberia to head the World's body's first ever such specialized force sent on peacekeeping operation. India's decision to send all-women officers to assist the UNMIL operation was announced in Setember.
d) Know India Programme :
- provides a unique forum of students & young professionals of Indian origin to share their views, expectation & experience to bond closely with contemporary India. The 8th programme in the series is being planned to be organized for a period of 3 weeks between the last week of December 2007 & January 2008 to coincide with the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2008 to be held on January 7-9 2008.
4.b) Relationship between Credit Availability & Agricultural Growth in India :
almost 60% of the labour power in India is associated with cultivation. a large number of indian farmers are labour-intensive. in such conditions, farmers should be made able to invest on cultivation, land reform & increase in produce by providing loan. in india non-governmental businessmen, commercial banks etc., are providing loans to farmers. Data tell us that the users of loan in the states like punjab, haryana, andhra pradesh, maharashtra etc., are really increasing production. on the ohter hand, loans have been used less in the eastern states like uttaranchal, jharkhand, orissa etc., as a result, crop production is also less in these states. in india, during green revolution, agricultural loans were given importance. during 2005-2006 in agricultural sector Rs.1,17,899 crore loans were made available. in the last 40 years the right use of agricultural loan made it possible to produce crops 3 times more. the right precaution should be taken so that incidents like farmers suicide on spoiling of their crops, moneylessness do not repeat. the provisions for the reforms regarding the agricultural loans have been made keeping in view that many marginal farmers do not get enough loan & many organisations' activities are also not efficient.
5. Answer any two of the following :
a)Social Forestry : this was first used in the year 1976 by National Commisssion on Agriculture.
AIM :
- to improve environment for protecting agriculture from adverse climate factors.
- increase the supply of fuel ,wood for domestic use, small timber for rural housing , fodder for livestock, minor forest produce for local industries.
- provide jobs for unskilled workers
- reclaim waste lands
- raise the standard of living & quality of life of rural & urban people.
5.b) main objectives of Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana :
- to provide insurence coverage & financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pest & disease.
- to encourage the farmers to adopt progressive farming practices, high value inputs & higher technology in agriculture.
- to help stabilise farm income , particularly in disaster years.
5.c) Mega Food Park Scheme Government of India :
- mega food parks will be set up in different parts of the country & subsidy to the turn of Rs.50 crore would be provided to catalyse investment in these mega food parks. this was indicated by the minsitry of food processing Shri Subodh kan Sahai, while jointly chairing a meeting with Shri Kamal Nath ministry of Commerce & Industry on Agro-Food Processing Park.
- Shri Sahai explained that the new mega food park would be set up on the basis of feasibility study by consultant who would also identify the private investor & form a special purpose of the execution of the project mega food project emphasized the need to integrate the supply chain.
- the discussion brought out the need for co-ordination among the schemes of the ministry of commerce & industry. Shri Rawat, principle secretary to chief minister of madhya pradesh offered all support from the state government for setting up mega food park in the agriculturally rich zone.
6.a) Cheap Money : maintaining low rates of interests to stimulate investments during recession.
b) Countervailing duty : a duty imposed on imported goods where there is widence of an export subsidy in the country of origin which may adversly affect the domestic producers in importing country.
c) Hot Money : money which flees quickly from country to country either in response to better earnings.
d) Concept of Trickle Down Theory : the theory that holds the economic developments tend to spread downwards in the shape of greater demand for labour etc & reach the poorest strata of society.
e) Stagflation : a situation of high inflation combined with high unemployment.
f) Engel's Law : it is an observation in economics stating that with a given set of preferences as income raises, the proportion of income spread on food , even of actual expenditure on food rises.
g) CCIL : Clearing Corporation of India , the organisation is a clearing house for bonds issued by central government of India as well as sate government & inter-bank foreign exchange trade.
h) Administered Price : a price set not by the force of demand & supply but by source authority like the governement, regulatory authority.
i) Venture Capital : it is a type of private equity capital typically provided byu professional outside investors to new, growth business made as cash in exchange for shared in investee company.
j) Balance on Current account : the holders of domestic currency have the right to convert the currency into foreign exchange for any current account purpose such as travel, tourism, trade etc.
k) Consolidated Fund : where all money received by or on behalf of the government of India in form of revenue, fresh loans, repayment of loans etc.
l) Budget Deficit : it is overall deficit. i.e. the excess of total expenditure over total revenue. it includes both capital & revenue items receipts & expenditure.
m) Most Favoured Nations : it is a status awarded by one nation to another in international trade by receiving these nation will be granted all trade advantages such as tax tariff etc.
n) Capital-Output Ratio :the ratio of capital used for a given output. Incremental ratio is adopted as a measure in deciding investment priorities.
7. a) Impact of globalization on state system & its institutions :
- the impact of globalization is doing visible in almost all aspects, infact the state system is also not untouched . openness is obvious in economic, soical & cultural sectors under globalization. at present no country can even think of development , keeping itself aloof from the globalisation process. naturally in such a scenario, change in the state system has become very important. it is a result og globalisation that now-a-days the democratic system has become stronger in comparison to the earlier ones. in the state the people aer given more freedom. infact a communistic country like china is also on the track to have a liberal economic system. the countries which are non-democratic & are ruled by militaries are also influenced by globalisation, in these countries also with time human freedom & global change are agreed to, accept for the developmental change. the state organisations are also liberal so that they can connect the influence of liberal economy & cultural openness with globalisation. becasue of globalisation the state organisations now have started adopting the preventive measures ,ensure economic system , administrative advantages & ensure freedom of more than a million people of country.
7.b) SAARC Summit 2007 :
- south asian association for regional cooperation's annual summit was held in the new delhi in april 2007. for the first time delegates from Japan, China & South Korea took part in SAARC Summit. in this summit, harse words were used by the member countries to condemn terrorism, however, much was not achieved regarding india's interest for the treaty regarding international terrorism. in this summit, the main achievement was that adding new members to SAFTA. for the first time it was declared that they would introduced a proper scheme within 6 months regarding the problems related to common peoples' life like water problem, cooperation in food & environment & the things which are the basics in everyday life. In SAARC summit 2007, removal of poverty was discussed in the usual way, but the important step was taken that to establish "Southern Food Bank" by all its member countries. the declaration included the establishment of southern university, south development fund, etc. India Prime minister declared to introduced an easier way for the rise for the countries students, teachers, journalists etc.PM had put importance on economic cooperation.
7.c) UN conference on Environmental & Development (Earth SUmmit)
in the past two centuries , development process has been adopted extensively. actually a lot of harm wasw done on environment. so naturally people started understanding the dangerous consequences of deteriorating environment. regading to this discuss the issues related to environment & conservation of environment was estasblished in Brazil. the Earth summit was established under UN. in the UN conference on teh environment & development (earth summit), it was clarified that there is a need change in the pervailing programme & development of environment, & environment conservation should always be given importance. in the earth summit , decision was taken to create awareness aomng people regarding influences of the deteriorating environment . importance was put on the problems of developing countries.
8.a) G-8 Summit 2007 :
- the 33rd G-8 summit 2007 took place at Kempinski Grand Hotel in Heiligendam in the Northern Germany state of Mecklenburg-Vorpomern on Baltic Coast from June 6 - 8 2007.
- Leaders of Summit are :
* Canada = PM Stephen Harper
* France = President Nicolas Sarkozy
* Germany = Chancellor Angele Mevkel
* Italy = PM Romanoprodi
* Japan = PM Shinzo Abe
* Russia = President Vladimir Putin
* United Kingdom = PM Tony blair
* United States = President George W.Bush
8.b) Hyde Act 2006 : to bring the understanding regarding the cooperation between USA & India, regading giving consent to nuclear deal , Hyde Act 2006 was introduce.
8.c) Global Governance :
- it is political interaction of trasactional actors aimed at solving problems that effect more than one state / where there is no power of enforcing complience.
- it is the complex of formal & informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships & process between & among states , Markets , citizens & organizations both inter & non-governmental through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated , rights & obligations are established.
8.d) Operation Silence :
- The 'operation silence' at Lal Masjid in Islamabad assumes tremendous significance. It is, after all, not easy decision for anybody in power in Pakistan to launch a military operation at Mosque in country that in an islamic state. but clearly the clerics running the mosque had crossed the limits as they challenged the authority of Musharraf government after launching to campaign for ushering in Shariah laws. The clerics & students have been going around Islamabad threatning to shutdown all shops. they even abducted several policemen whenever they tried to put a stop to this, besides that they kidnapped six chinese women becasue of their "immoral practices".
- Pakistan regime has hopefully realised that breeding jehadis & allowing them a free run could recoil on the country itself someday. Pakistan government itself has acknowledge that the militants holed up in the Lal Masjid belong to Jaish-e-Mohammad which is active in Jammu & Kashmir & carried out attack on Parliament on December 13, 2001. He openly roams about in Pakistan, calling for jehad aganist India & collecting funds for the purpose.
- The United States & other western countries is taking note on Musharraf's Operation Silence & as a result the world's pressure on him to give up uniform will ease.
8.e) SAARC Human Rights Report 2006 : according to the SAARC human rights report 2006, the disatisfaction regarding the condition related to human rights among SAARC countries.emphasis was put to improve such conditions.
9.Write About the following :
a) ICTD : Information for Communication Technologies for Development
b) IAEA : International Atomic Energy Agency
c) BIMSTEC : Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sector Technical & Economic Co-operation
d) ICJ : International Court of Justice.
10.a) Causes of Ozone Depletion :
- high up in the atmosphere in a region called the stratosphere between 19 & 30 km above the earth's surface, ozone is constantly being produced & destroyed naturally. Ozone layer filters out UV rays from the sun & protects life on earth. usually there is a fine balance between the build up & loss of ozone. however, in 1970s it was discovered that man-made chemicals called CFC's were destroyed the ozone in the ozone layer.
- CFC's contains which reacts with ozone at the low temperature high up in the atmosphere. once the chlorine has broken up ozone molecule, it is freed to repeat the process again & again, upto 1,00,000 times. & we have been banned the use of new CFC's since 1995.
* Effects on Ozone Depletion :
a) Effects on Humans
i) basal & squamous cell Carcinomous
ii) maligant Melanoma
iii) Cortial Cataracts
iv) increased Troposophic ozone
b) effects on Crops
c) effects on Plankton.
a.i) Basal & Squamous Cell Carcinomous :
- the most common form of skin cancer in humans, have been strongly linked to UVB exposure - absorption of UVB radiation causes teh pyrimidim base in the DNA molecule to form dimers, resulting in transcription errors when the DNA replicators.
a.ii) maligant Melanoma :
- this is much less common but far more dangerous. 15%-20% of the cse diagnosed . 95% of Maligant Melanoma may be due to UVA & visible radiation . this skin cancer stays for as long as - period of 7 years.
a.iii) Cortial Cataracts :
- increases in average annual ocular exposure were associated with increasing risk of cortical opacity. this is sunlight exposure to risk of cataract in African Americans.
a.iv) increased Troposophic ozone :
- increases surface UV leads to increased troposophic ozone. ground-level ozone is generally recognized to be a health risk, as ozone is toxic due to its strong oxidant properties. Ozone at ground level is produced mainly by the action of UV radiation on combustion gases from vehicle exhauts.
b) Effects on Crops :
- an increase of UV radiation would be expected to affect crops. a number of economically important species such as rice, depend on cyanobacteria residing on their roots for detention of nitrogen. Cyanobacteria are sensitive to UV light & they would be affected by its increase.
c) Effects on Plankton :
- there is a difference in the orientation & motility of Planktons when excess of UV rays reach earth.
10.b) Biodiversity :
- it is full range of life in all its farms. it includes the habitats in which life occurs, the ways the species & habitats interact with each other & physical environment & processes that support those interactions. it is expressed at several different levels of organizations , genetics, ecosystem & landscaps.
- Causes of Biodiversity :
* habitat loss
* invasive species
* pollution
* population growth (& increased consumption of goods & services )
* over-exploitation.
- Climate change is an emerging threat to biodiversity that will change temperature & water cycles, create path ways for new pathogens & insects, & alter the ecosystem functions.
11.a) Alternative fuels for transport :
1) Compressed Natural Gas
2) Liquified Natural Gas
3) Liquified Petroleum Gas
4) Ethnol
5) Methonl
6) Biodiseal.
1) Compressed Natural Gas :it is in New Delhi where air pollution from vehicles exhaust emission has been greatly & very obviously, reduced through conversion of city buses & three wheelers to CNG fueling.
it is very easy on engine , giving longer service of life & lower maintenance cost.
2) Liquified Natural Gas : it is very easy on engine, giving longer service of life & lower maintenance cost.
Disadvantage : these tanks are bulky & heavy than CNG tanks. they are also more complex & expensive beacuse they have to insulate the fuel very well in order to prevent it from warming up & boiling off too fast.
3) Liquified Petroleum Gas : it enter as vapour. it doesnot wash oil off cylinder wall & dilute the oil when the engine is cold & it also doesnot put carbon particulars & sulfuric acid into oil.
4) Ethnol : increases the oxygen content of fuel leading to more complete combustion, reduced green house gas emissions.
5) Biodiseal : it improves lubricating power of fuel .
disadvantage: it has lower energy density.
11.b) the objectives and the current achievements of human genome project:
- Human genome project was a 13 years old project co-ordinated by the US department of Energy & that National Institute of Health. it completed its initial mission in the year 2003.
- Goals / Purpose :
* identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in Human DNA
* determine the sequence of 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up Human DNA
* Store this information for data analysis
* improve tools for data analysis
* transfer related technologies to the private sector
* address the ethical, legal & social issue that may arise from the project.
- Additional goals :
* Molecular medicine
* energy & environment applications
* risk assessment
* bioarcheology, Anthropology, evolution & human migration.
* DNA forensics (identification)
* agriculture, livestock, breeding, & bioprocessing.
- to overcome the above challenges includes below points :
* gene number, exact location, functions
* gene regulations
* DNA sequence organization
* chromosomal structure & organization
* noncoding DNA types, amount, distribution, information, content & functions .
12. Answer all five of the following :
a) Firewall : it is a software or hardware device which is configured to permit, deny, proxy data through computer network.
b) Malware : it is a software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without owner's informed consent.
c) MPEG = motion picture expert group
ii) ISI = indian standard group
iii) HTML = hyper text markup language.
iv) ASCII = american standard code for information interchange.
d) Root Kit = it is a set of programmes which work to subvert control of an operating system from its legitimate precompiled UNIX tools.
e) Computer Arcitecture : It is the conceptual design & fundamental operational structure of computer system. it is blueprint & function as description of requirements & design implementation for various parts of computer.
14.a) Test grades = Frequencies
40-50 = 5
50-60 = 8
60-70 = 5
70-80 = 10
80-90 = 9
90-100 = 4
i) number of test grades greater than 87 = 7
ii) percentage of test grades greater than 83
= 9/41*100 = 21.95%
iii) % of test greades lower than 72
= 20/41*100 = 49.00%
iv) % of test grade between 72 & 79
= 6/41*100 = 14.6%
15.b) the mean wage of 100 workers = Rs.38
therefore, total wages of the workers
= 100-38 = Rs.3800
total wages of the rest of 40 workers
= 3800-2400 = Rs.1400
therefore , the mean wage of 40 workers
= 1400/40 = Rs.35
therefore, the mean wage of 40 workers working in teh evening shift = Rs.35/-
15.c) the mean age of the group of 5 boys = 16 years
total age og the group of 5 boys
= 16*5 = 80 years
the mean age of the group after including another boy = 18 years.
the total age of the group of 6 boys
= 18*6 = 108 years.
the age of the new boy(6th) = 108-80 = 28 years.
- India, Pakistan & Sri Lanka have to reduce tariffs by 2013.
- Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan & Maldives have to reduce tariffs by 2018.
- Two sensitive lists have been prepared by India to allay the suspicious of the member countries. A longer list for Pakistan & Sri Lanka & a shorter one for the rest of the members in which tariff reduction won't apply.
- To deal with the problem of dumping, a clause on "sustantial manufacturing process" is also mooted.
- Volume of trade will increase due to smooth flow of goods across the border.
- produce diversification & specialization will be facilitated.
- since the region house one quarter of the population, there is a huge untapped market which will act as a magnet for foriegn investment.
- Employment oppertunities will be generated through such product diversification & foriegn investment.
- Joint venture will help in exchange of technology & management pratice.
- the informal trade can be curbed thereby preventing revenue loss.
- with economic integration of the region, co-operation in other area shall follow.
- the member nations consider India as "big brother". they perceive that SAFTA will benfit India more than the rest of members.
- there is a constant demand from the least development member nationsto reduce items from the sensitive list of india which can be detrimental to India's own domestic industries.
- the half hearted approach towards economic union due to political differences is also generating apprehensive towards SAFTA.
- the recent political turmoil & instability which some of the member countries are undergoing also creates elements of doubt over the smooth implementation of SAFTA.
2.c) Shanghai Co-operation Oraganization :
- This is an intergovernmental international organization founded in Shanghai on June 15 2001 by 6 countries i.e. China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyragyzstan, Tajikistan & Uzbekistan. Its members states cover an area of over 30 million km2, with a population of 1.455 billion, about a quater of the world's total. its working languages are Chinese & Russian.
- The SCO originated & grew from the endevor by these 5 countries to stregthen confidence-building & disarmament in the border regions.
2.d) Panchasheel in India's Foreign Policy :
- it is a series of agreement between People's Republic of China & Republic of India. After the central Chinese governement occupied Tibet, China came into increasing conflict with India. Both nations were newly established this Panchasheel to avoid furthur conflicts. The Republic of India & People's Republic of China in April 1954 set forth a new diplomatic protocol, an 8 year agreement on Tibet in the form of Panchasheel.
a) Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity & Sovereignty.
b) Mutual non-aggression
c) Mutual non- interference in each other's internal affairs.
d) Equality & mutual benefit.
e) Peaceful co-existence.
- Non-aliamnent is a concept, an ideology & a movemnet which came into existence as result of bipolar divergence of the world into two super power i.e. AMerica & Russia. Non-Alignment as a movement was foudned formallly in 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia with a solid purpose of making the world free from fear.
- The conference fo NAM countries takes place after three year & the last one was held in 2006 in Havana (Cuba).
- because of reversal of situtation in post cold war , relevance of NAM has been realized in present day context. there is now no counter collision between the two super-power i..USA & Russia & world has become unipolar. the process of globalization has begun most of the developmed & developing countries have adopted an open market policy.
- the dynamics of globalization has thrown a whole range of new problems of NAM developming countries. NAM provides platform to these countries for consulting & developing common positions & coordinated approaches to safeguard their sovereignty & to promot their interests against the threat of financial imperialism.
- NAM countries face many problems such as problems of poverty, hunger, disease, ignorence, illiteracy, rising foreign debts, deteriorating forms of trade, inflation & employment & the most important task that lies ahead to the NAM countries is to find ways means for development with human face.
3. write about the following:
a) Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana, 2006 :
- provides for an insurence cover of a minimum sum of Rs.5 lakhs payable to the nominee or legal heir in the event of death.
- in case of death , besides the cost of transportation of dead body the cost incurred on the one-way airfare af attendant shall be reimbursed by the insurence company.
- if worker is not received by the employer on his arrival to the destination abroad or there is substantive change in employment contract to his disadvantage or if the employment is pre-maturely terminated within the period of employment for no fault of teh emigrant, the insurence company shall reimburse one-way economy class airfare provided the grounds of repatriation are certified by the concerned indian mision / post.
- insurence policy shall be valid for minimum period of 2 years or actual period whichever is longer.
- insurence policy shall also provide medical cover of minimum of Rs.50,000 as cash less hospitalization & or reimbursement of actual medical expenses of the insured emigrant worker on grounds of accidental injuries.
- an insured person shall be covered for minimum sum of Rs.25,000 in connection with the legal expenses incurred by him in any litigation relating his or her employment.
b)India all-women contingent to Liberia :
- The commander of an All-women India UN police unit has arrived in Liberia to head the World's body's first ever such specialized force sent on peacekeeping operation. India's decision to send all-women officers to assist the UNMIL operation was announced in Setember.
d) Know India Programme :
- provides a unique forum of students & young professionals of Indian origin to share their views, expectation & experience to bond closely with contemporary India. The 8th programme in the series is being planned to be organized for a period of 3 weeks between the last week of December 2007 & January 2008 to coincide with the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2008 to be held on January 7-9 2008.
4.b) Relationship between Credit Availability & Agricultural Growth in India :
almost 60% of the labour power in India is associated with cultivation. a large number of indian farmers are labour-intensive. in such conditions, farmers should be made able to invest on cultivation, land reform & increase in produce by providing loan. in india non-governmental businessmen, commercial banks etc., are providing loans to farmers. Data tell us that the users of loan in the states like punjab, haryana, andhra pradesh, maharashtra etc., are really increasing production. on the ohter hand, loans have been used less in the eastern states like uttaranchal, jharkhand, orissa etc., as a result, crop production is also less in these states. in india, during green revolution, agricultural loans were given importance. during 2005-2006 in agricultural sector Rs.1,17,899 crore loans were made available. in the last 40 years the right use of agricultural loan made it possible to produce crops 3 times more. the right precaution should be taken so that incidents like farmers suicide on spoiling of their crops, moneylessness do not repeat. the provisions for the reforms regarding the agricultural loans have been made keeping in view that many marginal farmers do not get enough loan & many organisations' activities are also not efficient.
5. Answer any two of the following :
a)Social Forestry : this was first used in the year 1976 by National Commisssion on Agriculture.
AIM :
- to improve environment for protecting agriculture from adverse climate factors.
- increase the supply of fuel ,wood for domestic use, small timber for rural housing , fodder for livestock, minor forest produce for local industries.
- provide jobs for unskilled workers
- reclaim waste lands
- raise the standard of living & quality of life of rural & urban people.
5.b) main objectives of Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana :
- to provide insurence coverage & financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pest & disease.
- to encourage the farmers to adopt progressive farming practices, high value inputs & higher technology in agriculture.
- to help stabilise farm income , particularly in disaster years.
5.c) Mega Food Park Scheme Government of India :
- mega food parks will be set up in different parts of the country & subsidy to the turn of Rs.50 crore would be provided to catalyse investment in these mega food parks. this was indicated by the minsitry of food processing Shri Subodh kan Sahai, while jointly chairing a meeting with Shri Kamal Nath ministry of Commerce & Industry on Agro-Food Processing Park.
- Shri Sahai explained that the new mega food park would be set up on the basis of feasibility study by consultant who would also identify the private investor & form a special purpose of the execution of the project mega food project emphasized the need to integrate the supply chain.
- the discussion brought out the need for co-ordination among the schemes of the ministry of commerce & industry. Shri Rawat, principle secretary to chief minister of madhya pradesh offered all support from the state government for setting up mega food park in the agriculturally rich zone.
6.a) Cheap Money : maintaining low rates of interests to stimulate investments during recession.
b) Countervailing duty : a duty imposed on imported goods where there is widence of an export subsidy in the country of origin which may adversly affect the domestic producers in importing country.
c) Hot Money : money which flees quickly from country to country either in response to better earnings.
d) Concept of Trickle Down Theory : the theory that holds the economic developments tend to spread downwards in the shape of greater demand for labour etc & reach the poorest strata of society.
e) Stagflation : a situation of high inflation combined with high unemployment.
f) Engel's Law : it is an observation in economics stating that with a given set of preferences as income raises, the proportion of income spread on food , even of actual expenditure on food rises.
g) CCIL : Clearing Corporation of India , the organisation is a clearing house for bonds issued by central government of India as well as sate government & inter-bank foreign exchange trade.
h) Administered Price : a price set not by the force of demand & supply but by source authority like the governement, regulatory authority.
i) Venture Capital : it is a type of private equity capital typically provided byu professional outside investors to new, growth business made as cash in exchange for shared in investee company.
j) Balance on Current account : the holders of domestic currency have the right to convert the currency into foreign exchange for any current account purpose such as travel, tourism, trade etc.
k) Consolidated Fund : where all money received by or on behalf of the government of India in form of revenue, fresh loans, repayment of loans etc.
l) Budget Deficit : it is overall deficit. i.e. the excess of total expenditure over total revenue. it includes both capital & revenue items receipts & expenditure.
m) Most Favoured Nations : it is a status awarded by one nation to another in international trade by receiving these nation will be granted all trade advantages such as tax tariff etc.
n) Capital-Output Ratio :the ratio of capital used for a given output. Incremental ratio is adopted as a measure in deciding investment priorities.
7. a) Impact of globalization on state system & its institutions :
- the impact of globalization is doing visible in almost all aspects, infact the state system is also not untouched . openness is obvious in economic, soical & cultural sectors under globalization. at present no country can even think of development , keeping itself aloof from the globalisation process. naturally in such a scenario, change in the state system has become very important. it is a result og globalisation that now-a-days the democratic system has become stronger in comparison to the earlier ones. in the state the people aer given more freedom. infact a communistic country like china is also on the track to have a liberal economic system. the countries which are non-democratic & are ruled by militaries are also influenced by globalisation, in these countries also with time human freedom & global change are agreed to, accept for the developmental change. the state organisations are also liberal so that they can connect the influence of liberal economy & cultural openness with globalisation. becasue of globalisation the state organisations now have started adopting the preventive measures ,ensure economic system , administrative advantages & ensure freedom of more than a million people of country.
7.b) SAARC Summit 2007 :
- south asian association for regional cooperation's annual summit was held in the new delhi in april 2007. for the first time delegates from Japan, China & South Korea took part in SAARC Summit. in this summit, harse words were used by the member countries to condemn terrorism, however, much was not achieved regarding india's interest for the treaty regarding international terrorism. in this summit, the main achievement was that adding new members to SAFTA. for the first time it was declared that they would introduced a proper scheme within 6 months regarding the problems related to common peoples' life like water problem, cooperation in food & environment & the things which are the basics in everyday life. In SAARC summit 2007, removal of poverty was discussed in the usual way, but the important step was taken that to establish "Southern Food Bank" by all its member countries. the declaration included the establishment of southern university, south development fund, etc. India Prime minister declared to introduced an easier way for the rise for the countries students, teachers, journalists etc.PM had put importance on economic cooperation.
7.c) UN conference on Environmental & Development (Earth SUmmit)
in the past two centuries , development process has been adopted extensively. actually a lot of harm wasw done on environment. so naturally people started understanding the dangerous consequences of deteriorating environment. regading to this discuss the issues related to environment & conservation of environment was estasblished in Brazil. the Earth summit was established under UN. in the UN conference on teh environment & development (earth summit), it was clarified that there is a need change in the pervailing programme & development of environment, & environment conservation should always be given importance. in the earth summit , decision was taken to create awareness aomng people regarding influences of the deteriorating environment . importance was put on the problems of developing countries.
8.a) G-8 Summit 2007 :
- the 33rd G-8 summit 2007 took place at Kempinski Grand Hotel in Heiligendam in the Northern Germany state of Mecklenburg-Vorpomern on Baltic Coast from June 6 - 8 2007.
- Leaders of Summit are :
* Canada = PM Stephen Harper
* France = President Nicolas Sarkozy
* Germany = Chancellor Angele Mevkel
* Italy = PM Romanoprodi
* Japan = PM Shinzo Abe
* Russia = President Vladimir Putin
* United Kingdom = PM Tony blair
* United States = President George W.Bush
8.b) Hyde Act 2006 : to bring the understanding regarding the cooperation between USA & India, regading giving consent to nuclear deal , Hyde Act 2006 was introduce.
8.c) Global Governance :
- it is political interaction of trasactional actors aimed at solving problems that effect more than one state / where there is no power of enforcing complience.
- it is the complex of formal & informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships & process between & among states , Markets , citizens & organizations both inter & non-governmental through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated , rights & obligations are established.
8.d) Operation Silence :
- The 'operation silence' at Lal Masjid in Islamabad assumes tremendous significance. It is, after all, not easy decision for anybody in power in Pakistan to launch a military operation at Mosque in country that in an islamic state. but clearly the clerics running the mosque had crossed the limits as they challenged the authority of Musharraf government after launching to campaign for ushering in Shariah laws. The clerics & students have been going around Islamabad threatning to shutdown all shops. they even abducted several policemen whenever they tried to put a stop to this, besides that they kidnapped six chinese women becasue of their "immoral practices".
- Pakistan regime has hopefully realised that breeding jehadis & allowing them a free run could recoil on the country itself someday. Pakistan government itself has acknowledge that the militants holed up in the Lal Masjid belong to Jaish-e-Mohammad which is active in Jammu & Kashmir & carried out attack on Parliament on December 13, 2001. He openly roams about in Pakistan, calling for jehad aganist India & collecting funds for the purpose.
- The United States & other western countries is taking note on Musharraf's Operation Silence & as a result the world's pressure on him to give up uniform will ease.
8.e) SAARC Human Rights Report 2006 : according to the SAARC human rights report 2006, the disatisfaction regarding the condition related to human rights among SAARC countries.emphasis was put to improve such conditions.
9.Write About the following :
a) ICTD : Information for Communication Technologies for Development
b) IAEA : International Atomic Energy Agency
c) BIMSTEC : Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sector Technical & Economic Co-operation
d) ICJ : International Court of Justice.
10.a) Causes of Ozone Depletion :
- high up in the atmosphere in a region called the stratosphere between 19 & 30 km above the earth's surface, ozone is constantly being produced & destroyed naturally. Ozone layer filters out UV rays from the sun & protects life on earth. usually there is a fine balance between the build up & loss of ozone. however, in 1970s it was discovered that man-made chemicals called CFC's were destroyed the ozone in the ozone layer.
- CFC's contains which reacts with ozone at the low temperature high up in the atmosphere. once the chlorine has broken up ozone molecule, it is freed to repeat the process again & again, upto 1,00,000 times. & we have been banned the use of new CFC's since 1995.
* Effects on Ozone Depletion :
a) Effects on Humans
i) basal & squamous cell Carcinomous
ii) maligant Melanoma
iii) Cortial Cataracts
iv) increased Troposophic ozone
b) effects on Crops
c) effects on Plankton.
a.i) Basal & Squamous Cell Carcinomous :
- the most common form of skin cancer in humans, have been strongly linked to UVB exposure - absorption of UVB radiation causes teh pyrimidim base in the DNA molecule to form dimers, resulting in transcription errors when the DNA replicators.
a.ii) maligant Melanoma :
- this is much less common but far more dangerous. 15%-20% of the cse diagnosed . 95% of Maligant Melanoma may be due to UVA & visible radiation . this skin cancer stays for as long as - period of 7 years.
a.iii) Cortial Cataracts :
- increases in average annual ocular exposure were associated with increasing risk of cortical opacity. this is sunlight exposure to risk of cataract in African Americans.
a.iv) increased Troposophic ozone :
- increases surface UV leads to increased troposophic ozone. ground-level ozone is generally recognized to be a health risk, as ozone is toxic due to its strong oxidant properties. Ozone at ground level is produced mainly by the action of UV radiation on combustion gases from vehicle exhauts.
b) Effects on Crops :
- an increase of UV radiation would be expected to affect crops. a number of economically important species such as rice, depend on cyanobacteria residing on their roots for detention of nitrogen. Cyanobacteria are sensitive to UV light & they would be affected by its increase.
c) Effects on Plankton :
- there is a difference in the orientation & motility of Planktons when excess of UV rays reach earth.
10.b) Biodiversity :
- it is full range of life in all its farms. it includes the habitats in which life occurs, the ways the species & habitats interact with each other & physical environment & processes that support those interactions. it is expressed at several different levels of organizations , genetics, ecosystem & landscaps.
- Causes of Biodiversity :
* habitat loss
* invasive species
* pollution
* population growth (& increased consumption of goods & services )
* over-exploitation.
- Climate change is an emerging threat to biodiversity that will change temperature & water cycles, create path ways for new pathogens & insects, & alter the ecosystem functions.
11.a) Alternative fuels for transport :
1) Compressed Natural Gas
2) Liquified Natural Gas
3) Liquified Petroleum Gas
4) Ethnol
5) Methonl
6) Biodiseal.
1) Compressed Natural Gas :it is in New Delhi where air pollution from vehicles exhaust emission has been greatly & very obviously, reduced through conversion of city buses & three wheelers to CNG fueling.
it is very easy on engine , giving longer service of life & lower maintenance cost.
2) Liquified Natural Gas : it is very easy on engine, giving longer service of life & lower maintenance cost.
Disadvantage : these tanks are bulky & heavy than CNG tanks. they are also more complex & expensive beacuse they have to insulate the fuel very well in order to prevent it from warming up & boiling off too fast.
3) Liquified Petroleum Gas : it enter as vapour. it doesnot wash oil off cylinder wall & dilute the oil when the engine is cold & it also doesnot put carbon particulars & sulfuric acid into oil.
4) Ethnol : increases the oxygen content of fuel leading to more complete combustion, reduced green house gas emissions.
5) Biodiseal : it improves lubricating power of fuel .
disadvantage: it has lower energy density.
11.b) the objectives and the current achievements of human genome project:
- Human genome project was a 13 years old project co-ordinated by the US department of Energy & that National Institute of Health. it completed its initial mission in the year 2003.
- Goals / Purpose :
* identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in Human DNA
* determine the sequence of 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up Human DNA
* Store this information for data analysis
* improve tools for data analysis
* transfer related technologies to the private sector
* address the ethical, legal & social issue that may arise from the project.
- Additional goals :
* Molecular medicine
* energy & environment applications
* risk assessment
* bioarcheology, Anthropology, evolution & human migration.
* DNA forensics (identification)
* agriculture, livestock, breeding, & bioprocessing.
- to overcome the above challenges includes below points :
* gene number, exact location, functions
* gene regulations
* DNA sequence organization
* chromosomal structure & organization
* noncoding DNA types, amount, distribution, information, content & functions .
12. Answer all five of the following :
a) Firewall : it is a software or hardware device which is configured to permit, deny, proxy data through computer network.
b) Malware : it is a software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without owner's informed consent.
c) MPEG = motion picture expert group
ii) ISI = indian standard group
iii) HTML = hyper text markup language.
iv) ASCII = american standard code for information interchange.
d) Root Kit = it is a set of programmes which work to subvert control of an operating system from its legitimate precompiled UNIX tools.
e) Computer Arcitecture : It is the conceptual design & fundamental operational structure of computer system. it is blueprint & function as description of requirements & design implementation for various parts of computer.
14.a) Test grades = Frequencies
40-50 = 5
50-60 = 8
60-70 = 5
70-80 = 10
80-90 = 9
90-100 = 4
i) number of test grades greater than 87 = 7
ii) percentage of test grades greater than 83
= 9/41*100 = 21.95%
iii) % of test greades lower than 72
= 20/41*100 = 49.00%
iv) % of test grade between 72 & 79
= 6/41*100 = 14.6%
15.b) the mean wage of 100 workers = Rs.38
therefore, total wages of the workers
= 100-38 = Rs.3800
total wages of the rest of 40 workers
= 3800-2400 = Rs.1400
therefore , the mean wage of 40 workers
= 1400/40 = Rs.35
therefore, the mean wage of 40 workers working in teh evening shift = Rs.35/-
15.c) the mean age of the group of 5 boys = 16 years
total age og the group of 5 boys
= 16*5 = 80 years
the mean age of the group after including another boy = 18 years.
the total age of the group of 6 boys
= 18*6 = 108 years.
the age of the new boy(6th) = 108-80 = 28 years.
